Why Are Religious Individuals More Obsessional - 1373 Words

Abstract: The article, Why Are Religious Individuals More Obsessional? The Role of Mental Control Beliefs and Guilt in Muslims and Christians, presents the data results from a study comparing Canadian Christian and Turkish Muslim students’ measures of obsessive-compulsive symptoms and beliefs, guilt, religiosity, and negative affect. It is a unique study, as there have been few studies directly exploring this topic and even fewer using a non-Western Muslim sample. Thesis Cognitive-behavioral theory recognizes that obsessions are linked to particular cultural experiences, such as following strict religious beliefs about controlling one’s intrusive thoughts. Firstly, the authors hypothesized that the higher the religiosity in a student, the†¦show more content†¦Seventy-six percent of them reported their religious affiliation as Christian. The Turkish sample was composed of 243 male and 177 female students with a mean age of 21.73 years who were lifetime citizens of Turkey. Seventy-seven percent of them reported that they were Muslim. Ninety-three point seven percent of the sampled individuals identified their ethnicity as Turkish, while six point three percent identified as Kurdish. Both screening samples were given the same battery of questionnaires. These included a demographic sheet assessing age, sex, relationship status, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and five Likert ratings on religious beliefs and behavior. Likert ratings determine religious beliefs and behaviors by assessing the frequency of worship attendance, prayer, religious text reading (Bible, Koran), volunteerism, giving money, as well as the importance religion plays in guiding the decisions and behaviors, i.e. 1 = not at all important, to 5 = extremely important). The final rating determined the high and low religious groups. â€Å"Low religious† group participants identified that religion did not bear influence on their decisions and behaviors (1). â€Å"High religious† group participants indicated that religion was either very important (4) or extremely important (5) in guiding their decisions and behavior. All of the students gave

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Pneumonia - 1516 Words

Introduction Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be a mild to severe illness for all ages. It is caused by bacteria, virus, or fungi. Pneumonia was the leading cause of death in the U.S. About 2 million people in the U.S get pneumonia each year, only causing about 60,000 deaths. Pneumonia is the leading cause of child death worldwide. It is accountable for 15% of children’s’ deaths under five years old, killing around 922,000 children in 2015 (WHO 2015). Pneumonia affects everyone worldwide but mostly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. History Pneumonia had been recorded throughout history. It is among one of the oldest diseases, having been mention appearing during the early Greek civilization. Hippocrates (460 BC – 370 BC)†¦show more content†¦One with pneumonia, breathing becomes difficult as oxygen cannot get through. The inflammation of the lung tissue and air sacs filled up with mucus causes the lungs to work harder to intake oxygen and to exhale carbon dioxide. If carbon dioxide builds up in the body, it becomes dangerous as it is a waste product in the blood (Ferrara 2010). Overview Pneumonia can affect anyone, but more importantly who and what qualifies as being at risk? There two age groups that are at greater risk of developing pneumonia: infants, 2 years old and younger and adults, 65 years old and older (NIH 2011). The reason, pneumonia tends to affect people with a weak immune system. Conditions and factors that increase your risk are organ transplant, lung diseases such as asthma, AIDS, HIV, diabetes, heart failure, tuberculosis, sickle cell anemia, and any other serious illness (NIH 2011). People who are hospitalized and placed on ventilators are at a higher risk, for it affects those who’s natural defenses are down. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is very common and it is fatal compared to cases acquired outside the hospital (Ferrara 2010). We can define what pneumonia is and who it affects, but what happens to those with pneumonia? Depending on the type of pneumonia, symptoms vary. Bacterial pneumonia causes high fever, chills, rapid breathing, cough, chest pain when breathing and coughing, nausea, tiredness, and other symptoms. Those with atypical or mycoplasma pneumonia, symptoms include dry

Quality †Market Leader Free Essays

UNIT 10 – QUALITY QUESTIONS 1. What does it mean by â€Å"Quality† and â€Å" Quality Control†? 2. What should companies do to maintain the quality of their products/services effectively? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality – Market Leader or any similar topic only for you Order Now What do you think about the quality of Vietnamese products? What should companies do to enhance their competitiveness in competition? ANSWERS 1. The definition of quality depends on the different circumstances and perceptions. The meaning of quality is also time-based or situational. a. The definition of quality in manufacturing organizations is often different from that of services. Quality de? itions in manufacturing usually focus on tangible product features. The most common quality de? nition in manufacturing is conformance, which is the degree to which a product characteristic meets preset standards. Other common de? nitions of quality in manufacturing include performance— such as acceleration of a vehicle; reliability— that the product will function as expected without failure; features— the extras that are included beyond the basic characteristics; durability—expected operational life of the product; and serviceability— how readily a product can be repaired. The relative importance of these de? nitions is based on the preferences of each individual customer. It is easy to see how different customers can have different de? nitions in mind when they speak of high product quality. b. In contrast to manufacturing, service organizations produce a product that is intangible. The intangible nature of the product makes de? ning quality dif? cult. Also, since a service is experienced, perceptions can be highly subjective. In addition to tangible factors, quality of services is often de? ned by perceptual factors. These include responsiveness to customer needs, courtesy and friendliness of staff, promptness in resolving complaints, and atmosphere. Other de? nitions of quality in services include time— the amount of time a customer has to wait for the service; and consistency— the degree to which the service is the same each time. Quality control Quality control is a process that is used to ensure a certain level of quality in a product or service. It might include whatever actions a business deems necessary to provide for the control and verification of certain characteristics of a product or service. Most often, it involves thoroughly examining and testing the quality of products or the results of services. The basic goal of this process is to ensure that the products or services that are provided meet specific requirements and characteristics, such as being dependable, satisfactory, safe and fiscally sound. 2. What should companies do to maintain the quality of their products or services effectively? In order to maintain the quality of what we sell, we need to carry out wise quality control program as well as good customer services. 3. 1. Total Quality Control (TQC) program. 3. 2. 1. We have to focus on continuous improvement, tend to think of improvement in terms of plateaus that are to be achieved, such as passing a certification test or reducing the number of defects to a certain level. Because we can never achieve perfection, we must always evaluate our performance and take measures to improve it by using The Plan–Do–Study–Act Cycle. Another way companies implement continuous improvement is by studying business practices of companies considered â€Å"best in class. † This is called benchmarking. . 2. 2. We should also consider empowering all employees to seek out quality problems and correct them. The new concept of quality, TQC, provides incentives for employees to identify quality problems. Employees are rewarded for uncovering quality problems, not punished. In TQC, they are considered a vital element of the effort to achieve high quality. Their contributions are highly valued, and t heir suggestions are implemented. In order to perform this function, employees are given continual and extensive training in quality measurement tools. . 2. 3. Teamwork Approach TQC stresses that quality is an organizational effort. To facilitate the solving of quality problems, it places great emphasis on teamwork. The use of teams is based on the old adage that â€Å"two heads are better than one. † Using techniques such as brainstorming, discussion, and quality control tools, teams work regularly to correct problems. The contributions of teams are considered vital to the success of the company. For this reason, companies set aside time in the workday for team meetings. . 2. 4. Use of Quality Tools To control the quality of products or service, some company use quality tools. These are often called the seven tools of quality control and are shown in the picture. They are easy to understand, yet extremely useful in identifying and analyzing quality problems. Sometimes worker s use only one tool at a time, but often a combination of tools is most helpful. Those tools include Cause-and-Effect Diagrams, Checklists, Flowcharts, Control Charts, and Scatter Diagrams. 3. 2. 5. Product Design A critical aspect of building quality into a product is to ensure that the product design meets customer expectations. To produce a product that customers want, we need to translate customers’ everyday language into specific technical requirements. 3. 2. 6. Process Management A quality product comes from a quality process. This means that quality should be built into the process. Quality at the source is the belief that it is far better to uncover the source of quality problems and correct it than to discard defective items after production. If the source of the problem is not corrected, the problem will continue. TQC extends the concept of quality to a company’s suppliers and ensures that they engage in the same quality practices. If suppliers meet preset quality standards, materials do not have to be inspected upon arrival. Today, many companies have a representative residing at their supplier’s location, thereby involving the supplier in every stage from product design to ? nal production. 3. 2. Customer Services It is wrong to think that the sales process ends right after the moment our customers buy the products. We had better keep an excellent relationship with them by an annual customer satisfaction questionnaire towards our products/services, by offering the products they bought routine checks to ensure that they are well-maintained, by giving them warranty that lasts for an adequate time, or by guarantee our offering compensation if there is still a faulty products. 3. The quality of Vietnamese products Quality is an abstract definition which is usually judged by customers. The fact that a product is said to be of good or bad quality is all depend on each customers’ view. Generally speaking, Vietnamese products are quite good and their quality has been continuously enhancing. An evidence for this is that Vietnamese people have now increased using them, and the value of products exported to other countries also goes up. However, our products still have a lot of limitations. They are hard to compete with the products coming from other countries in both domestic market and global market. What the limitations are and also the reasons for them are mentioned below: * Low quality owing to technological level: Our country is still a developing country. Our corporates are limited about expenditures, capital, experience, and other elements. They cannot afford to buy the advanced machines. Besides, they do not have enough qualified experts to operate the modern new equipment. Made by old techniques and ineffective manufacturing process, our products are usually of lower quality and uncompetitive. Moreover, this has led to a consequence in the structure of Vietnam’s trade balance: exporting mainly agricultural products, crafts and other kinds of unprocessed goods but not high-technical or processed ones. Popularity of unsafe products and loss of customers’ trust: Some corporates still just focus on their profits but not their value propositions. They try to cut their costs without taking notice on improving product quality. Some small companies even conduct their manufacturing process inappropriately, using some poisons, preservatives improperly or releasing waste directly and polluting the environment. The products made by those companies are not only bad for customers’ health but also unfriendly to the environment. This has a serious bad impact on consumers’ belief on Vietnamese products. Product quality does not commensurate with their price. In the correlation between quality and price, Vietnamese products have to face a lot of pressure from those of other countries. Their tastes, durations and many other criteria of our products are still uncompetitive and unattractive to customers. * Prices and designs of products are hard to compare with those of foreign goods. For example, our products are competed by the imported ones coming from China, Thailand, India and many other countries. Especially, Chinese goods are really varied, diversified and at extremely low price. Besides that, the favorite of using foreign products of Vietnamese people also limit competitiveness of Vietnamese goods. * Low position in customers’ mind: The government has made a lot of regulations on products quality and also carried out many methods to test products’ safety. However, not much enhancement is made. Consumers still have to worry about cleanliness as well as safety of Vietnamese products. Moreover, the issue of counterfeiting goods is still serious and this contributes to lower our product position. * The difference in quality between domestic-use products and exporting products due to corporates’ behaviors. In reality, because of the difference in value, exporting products are usually of higher quality than domestic-use ones. This discrimination has a negative effect on how consumers judge our products. * Infamous and low-trusted brands: Although we are a large exporter in some kinds of goods, our products are still not subject to any specific standards. Not having any national or international standards to ensure their quality, our products are not appreciated by customers. Their brands are also unpopular with them. In some cases, some brands have been certificated by Globalcap standards such as Nam Roi Grapefruit. However, they are now still threatened because our government does not have enough expenditure for recertification. In sum, Vietnamese products have a lot of limitations that need to be changed to raise their competitiveness. Enhance product’s competitiveness All we have to do is to fix the limitations as mentioned above. * Consumers only want to buy necessary goods of high quality. Hence, after investigating the demand of them towards certain goods, we upgrade our production chain so that we can satisfy our customer totally. But how do we pgrade our production chain? A survey carried out in 2012 showed that among nearly 8000 enterprises in the field of manufacturing, 96 per cent claims the crux of the problem is that they cannot afford to invest in new technologies. Assistances from our state are not enough. Therefore, to do this really difficult thing, companies have to recruit qualified experts who can help them develop new ways, new methods of production. Once they have be en successful, they are truly bailed out to provide customers with high quality items. * Create a unique image for our products. This is the only way to retain customers’ faith towards our products. They will know well where our products are and buy them, not faked ones. Also, using a signal or friendly slogan for products can help customers to remember us, typically. A practical action to solve this problem is to teach customers to realize us among the crowd. * Make our products value for money. Enterprise must be wise when performing price strategies so that customers gain the satisfaction when using our products, without whispered complaints on them being too expensive. High quality, but value for money. And, don’t try to lower the prices as what our rivals do, set the lowest level for our prices. This determines our true value. To some extent and in some segment, consumers they no longer pay the best attention in prices, but value – or quality. Keeping our prices at a reasonable level can create a good impression on our customers, that they are our life. * Gain the diversity when design our products. Imagine we have a large market for one kind of product. We make items the same as the others, and customers are fed of them. Especially girls, they don’t want others to â€Å"copy† their style. Thus, our product designers had better be innovative ones, or we have to hire more and more designers. * Once it is Vietnamese product, it must be as good as each other. The markets where we sell our products cannot decide the quality of them. This thinking will help our products to win the trust from our customers everywhere, for its being always of high quality. * We also need to change our mind of doing business. Vietnamese people tend to think they are never as good as foreigners. This one-track thinking indirectly do foreign business people a favor. We can do better than them if we can draw carefully a practical and effective plan. And the most important thing is that enterprises have to take actions to maintain the quality of the products for the forthcoming periods in which the state of the global as well as the local economy may come unexpected. Besides, we need to get help from other factors including productivity of motivated employees, wise and effective advertising campaigns or applying new methods in delivery. How to cite Quality – Market Leader, Papers

The use of english song to improve student vocabulary free essay sample

English has become an international language that use in daily communication almost country in the world. because of that almost all of country in the world study about english, when we began to study english there are four skill such as listening, reading,writing and speaking. speaking is one of skill that must be master if we want speak english very well. But in fact that a lot of students in the school rarely to speak English caused by several factors,such as lack of vocabbulary. Vocabulary is the most important thing in learning English. According to David Corson Using English Words. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995 â€Å"An active vocabulary covers all those words people need to use and have no reservations about using to communicate with others on an everyday basis. The range of peoples active vocabulary is a unique reflection of their sociocultural position and the range of discursive practices engaged in. We will write a custom essay sample on The use of english song to improve student vocabulary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In other words, it depends on the range of relations people contract as a part of everyday existence, over a lifetime. Except for people who frequently make contact with the specialist meaning systems of professions or of other special knowledge categories, most peoples active words are high frequency words in the language and need little stimulus to activate them in the mental lexicon. They are ready for use in incoming and outgoing messages, with no noticeable effort. Based on that description, I believe that the vocabulary is the first thing that we need before we start speaking. So, the vocabulary should be improved by using English Song. 2 Research Question 1. Can the English Song improve student’s vocabulary? 2. How can the English song improve students’ vocabulary? 3 Research hypothesis My hypothesis is, I belief that English song can improve students vocabbulary. 4 Research objective To find out the impact of English song for increasing student vocabulary. 5. Research Methodology Reseacrh method is a way employed by the researcherin collecting and analyzing the data. The research method oy this study is an experimental research. According to James P. Key. (1997 Module R13) Experimental research is an attempt by the researcher to maintain control over all factors that may effect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researcher attempt to determine or predict what may occur. Well I am going to do this research in Mtsn model Banda aceh in a several steps: A. Procedure The writer will carry out the research comprising some steps as follows: 1. Asking for permission to the headmaster of MTSN model. 2. Chose the sample and devided into two group 3. Giving the pree test to the students at eight grade of MTSN model. 4. doing threatment for 3 weeks. 5. Analyze the data 6. 6. Making Conclusion. B. Population and Sample As population, the writer will take the students at the eight grade of MTSN model Banda Aceh. To determine the sample, the researcher will use cluster sampling technique. because there are more than one class in the school. There will only be one class which will be given treatment. â€Å"cluster sampling technique is Restrict ones selection to a particular subgroups.  from within the population. † (Nunan and Bailey, 2009:128) C. Data Collection Technique It is impossible to collect the data from respondent without instrument. There will be several instruments used by writer to get the data from the object, i. e, giving the test. firts the researcher will give pree test for student, after that will do a tyhreatment and the last will giving post test. After get the data then the writer will analyze the data a nd will compare with the controll group and the last make the conclusion. .

Tivo free essay sample

According to Keast, â€Å"there is a mystery in the sharp contrast between the inertia of prospects and the evangelical zeal of TiVo users. † As an emerging expert in consumer behavior how would you tackle that mystery? What do you think could be going on? Beyond your pet hypothesis, try to be creative and list a large number of conflicting hypotheses by taking multiple points of view. What might â€Å"evangelists† mention as a cause of their failure to sell TiVo to their friends? What might a â€Å"couch potato† say about his reluctance to buy TiVo? What would you expect a top executive at NBC to say about the situation? What explanation would the founder of TiVo love to hear? Hate to hear? 2. Now look at the data in the case exhibits. What hypotheses get supported, what hypotheses get discounted? What other insight(s) do you directly derive from the data summarized in the text and presented in the exhibits that might help to guide the growth of TiVo? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Tivo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TiVo is a new technological company and the management’s approach to research and insight has gradually evolved over time. What have been the different stages in their exploratory journey? What conclusion is this journey converging to? If you could time-travel to the early hours of the company, what would your advice to Keast be in terms of the research they should be conducting (the type of insight they should be looking for) at the outset for a more effective launch? Ans 1 According to Keast, â€Å"there is a mystery in the sharp contrast between the inertia of prospects and the evangelical zeal of TiVo users. † As an emerging expert in consumer behavior, how would you tackle that mystery? What do you think could be going on? Beyond your top hypothesis, try to be creative and list a set of conflicting hypotheses by taking multiple points of view. So let us first look at the role of consumers and consumer behavior in the realm of purchasing a product. Consumer behavior encompasses such a vast array of elements that need to be identified, quantified and specifically evaluated per each product or service needs. The most intriguing element of consumer behavior I believe is the psychology behind why a person buys a product and why another person doesn’t buy that same product. According to Kotler and Keller in Chapter Five of a Frame work for Marketing Management,† in essence, marketers must understand the â€Å"theory and reality† of the consumer in regards to their buying actions. A very interesting fact that Kotler and Keller point out from their reference of Schiffman and Kanuk’s Consumer Behavior 9th edition, is that the consumer is influenced by â€Å"cultural, social, and personal factors. †    Culture, the way you were raised, your values and ideas about how to spend your money and what to spend it on, materialism, â€Å"keeping up with the joneses,† etc. Not to downplay social factors, but I feel the next most notable influence in consumer behavior is personal factors, especially â€Å"age and stage in the life cycle.    My hypotheses are that age and transformation/transitions in life play a major role in adopting a new product when that product gets introduced. What I deduce is that if a technology advanced consumer product gets introduced to someone from that were in their early twenties to early thirties then they are more easily influenced by the product if that product increases their pleasurably and saves them time to en gage in other interests and assists in maintaining an active lifestyle, in addition, in the late 90’s early 2000’s these people already grew up on MTV, Sport’s Channel, HBO, etc. TV is important to them and they are willing to spend money not only on going out to bars and restaurants, but they are willing to spend a little extra money to ease their mind that when they go out for a social event they won’t miss their favorite episode of Greys Anatomy, Private Practice, or a playoff game because their girlfriend wants to out to dinner, etc. To support my hypothesis if you look at the ? TiVo case, written by Luc Wathieu, exhibit 5, showed demographics supplied from a study from Equifax Consumer Services that tracked subscriber demographics, and showed that the largest age group that were subscribers were 25-34. specially if it a new product in determining the other consumer behavior influences, This is true especially when you look at social classes, because they share similar interests and purchasing behaviors. I, like Kotler and Keller feel that â€Å"culture† is the most fundamentally determines they way consumers react and what they desire. the most the key fundamental Another interesting aspect is when a person becomes so enthusiastic about a particular product and becomes such an advocate of the product that they try to influence the people around them to jump on the bandwagon and buy the product. Now looking a bit into social factors, we are all influenced by our social networks and family, even though we may not want to admit it. I look at my sister who moved out of my Non-Tivo, DVR household, three years ago at the age of 32, one of the first thing’s she did was hook up her cable and subscribe to DVR service. Then, my daughter who is 22, after visiting my sister and seeing the flexibility of not missing your favorite television programs due to school or work, decided the first thing she would do is subscribe to a DVR service in Los Angeles, to avoid missing her favorite programming due to law school interference. Skeptics are skeptics because they never had Tivo in the past and have done just fine. They don’t understand why they need to pay more to watch the same shows that they have been watching. Once you try tivo out youll understand that it opens up a new world of options that may not be necessary to your life but are there to make it easier. Some people don’t care that much about which shows their watching as long as something is always on. For instance, if you like CNN and those types of shows you’re not going to want/need a tivo because that is only news 24/7 and you wouldn’t want to tape news because then its old.

Hamlet Essays (761 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays

Hamlet Essays (761 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Free Essays Hamlet HAMLETS MADNESS: Hamlet is mad, feigns madness or his pretense turns into real madness. Outline arguments for all three and discuss. 1.Hamlet begins with guards whose main importance in the play is to give credibility to the ghost. If Hamlet were to see his fathers ghost in private, the argument for his madness would greatly improve. Yet, not one, but three men together witness the ghost before even thinking to notify Hamlet. As Horatio says, being the only of the guards to play a significant role in the rest of the play, Before my God, I might not this believe / Without the sensible and true avouch / Of mine own eyes. (I.i.56-8) Horatio, who appears frequently throughout the play, acts as an unquestionably sane alibi to Hamlet again when framing the King with his reaction to the play. That Hamlet speaks to the ghost alone detracts somewhat from its credibility, but all the men are witness to the ghost demanding they speak alone. Horatio offers an insightful warning: What if it tempts you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles oer his base into the sea, And there assume some other horrible form Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason, And draw you into madness? Think of it. (I.iv.69-74) Horatios comment may be where Hamlet gets the idea to use a plea of insanity to work out his plan. The important fact is that the ghost does not change form, but rather remains as the King and speaks to Hamlet rationally. There is also good reason for the ghost not to want the guards to know what he tells Hamlet, as the play could not proceed as it does if the guards were to hear what Hamlet did. It is the ghost of Hamlets father who tells him, but howsomever thou pursues this act, / Taint not thy mind. (I.v.84-5) Later, when Hamlet sees the ghost again in his mothers room, her amazement at his madness is quite convincing. Yet one must take into consideration the careful planning of the ghosts credibility earlier in the play. After his first meeting with the ghost, Hamlet greets his friends cheerfully and acts as if the news is good rather than the devastation it really is. Horatio: What news, my lord? Hamlet: O, wonderful! Horatio: Good my lord, tell it. Hamlet: No, you will reveal it. (I.v.118-21) This is the first glimpse of Hamlets ability and inclination to manipulate his behavior to achieve effect. Clearly Hamlet is not feeling cheerful at this moment, but if he lets the guards know the severity of the news, they might suspect its nature. Another instance of Hamlets behavior manipulation is his meeting with Ophelia while his uncle and Polonius are hiding behind a curtain. Hamlets affection for Ophelia has already been established in I.iii., and his complete rejection of her and what has transpired between them is clearly a hoax. Hamlet somehow suspects the eavesdroppers, just as he guesses that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz are sent by the King and Queen to question him and investigate the cause of his supposed madness in II.ii. Hamlets actions in the play after meeting the ghost lead everyone except Horatio to believe he is crazy, yet that madness is continuously checked by an ever-present consciousness of action which never lets him lose control. For example, Hamlet questions his conduct in his soliloquy at the end of II.ii, but after careful consideration decides to go with his instinct and prove to himself without a doubt the Kings guilt before proceeding rashly. Even after the Kings guilt is proven with Horatio as witness, Hamlet again reflects and uses his better judgement in the soliloquy at the end of III.ii. before seeing his mother. He recognizes his passionate feelings, but tells himself to speak daggers to her, but use none, as his fathers ghost instructed. Again, when in the Kings chamber, Hamlet could perform the murder, but decides not to in his better judgement to ensure that he doesnt go to heaven by dying while praying. As Hamlet tells Guildenstern in II.ii., I am but mad north-north-west: when the wind is southerly I know a hawk

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Freedom of Information Act 2000 - Case Study Example However, not all information may be divulged by public authorities. Those relating to matters of national security, for example, cannot be given, as well as those which can be properly classified as secret information even of foreign governments or international organizations. Prohibition in these areas is considered absolute and no amount of reconsideration may reverse the same. Other areas, on the other hand, are exempted, subject to some qualifications. In these aspects, the public authority concerned has to decide where the public interest would be subserved more: in maintaining the exemption or not. In case a request is denied, the requesting party may ask for reconsideration from the Information Commissioner who has the power to reverse the decision of the public authority who previously denied the request. This decision, however, may still be appealed to the Information Tribunal, a special tribunal especially created for the same. In relation thereto, the Government per se may interfere and override the decisions of the public authority, Information Commissioner and Information Tribunal.   In short, every right has its own limitations. The national interest cannot be bargained away in exchange for the public's right to know. The Information Act 2000 recognizes this inherent right of every state, the government, in particular, to maintain some qualified information which may prove detrimental to the national interest. The public's right to know, although recognized, is inferior to the national interest, and cannot be placed above and beyond the so-called national interest since the latter affects the country as a whole. Another important consideration is the prohibition on request for personal information, despite the fact that some of them are being kept and recorded by an agency of the government. Since this involves not just public information but mainly personal data of the state's constituents, requests for this kind of information are properly covered by the Data Protection Act 1998. Personal right of individuals and entities are considered beyond the ambit of the state's disposition.